Autism, epilepsy, and developmental delay are conditions that involve highly complex molecular mechanisms and have intertwined characteristics. Difficulties in verbal and non-verbal communication, repetitive behaviors, echolalia (repeating words), obsessive tendencies, toe walking, and restricted interests can be observed in many neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly autism. Epilepsy, on the other hand, is a clinical condition characterized by recurrent seizures that may involve loss of consciousness or motor, sensory, or visual symptoms.
The similarities in the possible underlying biological or genetic causes of autism and epilepsy, as well as the overlap in accompanying clinical findings, make it essential to evaluate the relationship between these two conditions. For instance, among children with epilepsy—especially those with early-onset seizures—autistic features are observed in approximately one-third of cases. Conversely, epilepsy is also frequently encountered in individuals diagnosed with autism, particularly in those with intellectual disability.
Regression in language development and social skills can be seen both in early-onset epilepsies and in children with autism spectrum disorder. Recurrent epileptic seizures and significant abnormalities in brain electrical activity (EEG) may lead to autism-like symptoms and regression in language and social abilities. In childhood epilepsies, managing treatment solely with antiepileptic medications while overlooking developmental delays may represent a highly insufficient approach. Similarly, in children with autism spectrum disorder, ignoring the presence of epilepsy and relying only on special education interventions would be a serious mistake.
